Path Kernels and Multiplicative Updates

Eiji Takimoto, Manfred K. Warmuth; 4(Oct):773-818, 2003.

Abstract

Kernels are typically applied to linear algorithms whose weight vector is a linear combination of the feature vectors of the examples. On-line versions of these algorithms are sometimes called "additive updates" because they add a multiple of the last feature vector to the current weight vector.

In this paper we have found a way to use special convolution kernels to efficiently implement "multiplicative" updates. The kernels are defined by a directed graph. Each edge contributes an input. The inputs along a path form a product feature and all such products build the feature vector associated with the inputs. We also have a set of probabilities on the edges so that the outflow from each vertex is one. We then discuss multiplicative updates on these graphs where the prediction is essentially a kernel computation and the update contributes a factor to each edge. After adding the factors to the edges, the total outflow out of each vertex is not one any more. However some clever algorithms re-normalize the weights on the paths so that the total outflow out of each vertex is one again. Finally, we show that if the digraph is built from a regular expressions, then this can be used for speeding up the kernel and re-normalization computations.

We reformulate a large number of multiplicative update algorithms using path kernels and characterize the applicability of our method. The examples include efficient algorithms for learning disjunctions and a recent algorithm that predicts as well as the best pruning of a series parallel digraphs.

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