Deep Learning Made Easier by Linear Transformations in Perceptrons

Tapani Raiko, Harri Valpola, Yann Lecun ; JMLR W&CP 22: 924-932, 2012.

Abstract

We transform the outputs of each hidden neuron in a multi-layer perceptron network to have zero activation and zero slope on average, and use separate shortcut connections to model the linear dependencies instead. This transformation aims at separating the problems of learning the linear and nonlinear parts of the whole input-output mapping, which has many benefits. We study the theoretical properties of the transformation by noting that they make the Fisher information matrix closer to a diagonal matrix, and thus standard gradient closer to the natural gradient. We experimentally confirm the usefulness of the transformations by noting that they make basic stochastic gradient learning competitive with state-of-the-art learning algorithms in speed, and that they seem also to help find solutions that generalize better. The experiments include both classification of small images and learning a low-dimensional representation for images by using a deep unsupervised auto-encoder network. The transformations were beneficial in all cases, with and without regularization and with networks from two to five hidden layers.